NAD+: The Key Coenzyme for Anti-Ageing

As modern society places greater emphasis on health and longevity, anti-ageing has evolved beyond being merely a beauty topic. It has become a significant focus in cellular-level medical and nutritional sciences. In recent years, a coenzyme named NAD+ has garnered attention in anti-ageing research due to its strong links to energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular ageing. 

This article delves into the role of NAD+ in the human body, the common NAD+ products available on the market, methods of supplementation, and the current applications of various supplementation forms, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of this age-defying compound. 

What is NAD+?

 NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [oxidized form]) is a coenzyme (small organic helper molecules that assist enzymes in catalytic biochemical reactions) found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in vital processes such as cellular energy production, DNA repair, and regulating cellular metabolism. 

How is NAD+ Related to Ageing? 

As we age, NAD+ levels naturally decline. This decrease leads to diminished cellular function and a higher risk of age-related diseases. Research suggests that the average NAD+ levels in skin samples can drop by at least 50% between the ages of 30 and 70. 

The Four Major Benefits of NAD+ 

1. Improved Metabolism 

NAD+ acts as a key coenzyme in energy metabolism, helping to convert nutrients in the mitochondria into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy source for cells. Boosting NAD+ levels can enhance mitochondrial function and effectively remove damaged mitochondria, thereby improving overall metabolism.

2. DNA Repair 

When cells are damaged by oxidative stress or radiation, DNA repair enzymes like PARP consume large amounts of NAD+ to initiate the repair process and maintain genetic stability.

3. Activation of Sirtuin protein

Sirtuins, a family of signalling proteins, play a role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular ageing. NAD+ activates these proteins, helping to slow down the ageing process according to studies. 

4. Enhanced Cognitive Function

NAD+ can suppress neuroinflammation and improve cognitive performance, supporting brain health. 

How to Supplement NAD+?

Since NAD+ cannot be directly obtained from natural foods, we can only consume its precursors through diet, which are then converted into NAD+ within the body.

1. Oral NAD+ Supplements

As NAD+ molecules cannot be directly absorbed by cells, most commercially available NAD+ supplements are formulated using its precursors such as NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) or Nicotinamide Riboside (NR).  

While oral NAD+ supplementation is convenient, absorption rates can vary significantly depending on the product’s purity, formulation, and drug delivery technology—typically ranging from 20% to 50% 1. Some traditional oral NMN supplements may have absorption rates as low as 10%.

2. Intravenous drips (NAD+ IV drips)

Intravenous drips allow the body to absorb up to 90% of nutrients from the IV fluid. By administering NAD+ directly into the bloodstream, a higher bioavailability can be rapidly achieved, offering an efficient solution for individuals seeking immediate effects. 

3. Intramuscular/Subcutaneous Injection

NAD⁺ can be administered into the bloodstream intramuscularly or subcutaneously. These injections are quicker and more convenient than IV administration.

• Intramuscular injections are suitable for individuals who need a rapid boost in energy or enhanced focus.
• Subcutaneous injections, on the other hand, release NAD⁺ more gradually, making them ideal for those seeking a steady and sustained supplementation. 

4. NAD+ patches

NAD+ patches are a non-invasive and painless supplementation method. The latest technology of NAD+ patches employs iontophoresis, allowing NAD⁺ to penetrate the skin and quickly enter the bloodstream.   

Current Use of NAD⁺ Supplements

Many health centres and specialist clinics abroad offer a range of NAD⁺ supplementation options—such as IV drips and oral supplements—tailored to individual needs. In the United States, IV drips are particularly popular. 

In Hong Kong, with advances in medical technology and growing public awareness of health and wellness, newer methods such as IV drips and transdermal NAD+ patches are being introduced by some private clinics, alongside traditional oral NAD+ supplements, to meet the diverse needs of those seeking proactive health management.

Conclusion

NAD+ plays a vital role in cellular function.  Supplementing NAD+ can help slow ageing, enhance metabolism, and improve cognitive function. However, before choosing an NAD+ supplement or undergoing NAD+ injections, it is essential to consult a doctor and ensure the quality,  safety, and authenticity of the product.

References

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2. Covarrubias, A.J., et al. (2020). NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 22(2), pp.119–141.  
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6. Zhao, Y., et al. (2021). NAD+ improves cognitive function and reduces neuroinflammation by ameliorating mitochondrial damage and decreasing ROS production in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion models through Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 18(1).  
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11. ‌NMN.com. (2020). ‘What Is NAD⁺? | Why Is It Important for Health and Longevity?’ Available at: < https://www.nmn.com/precursors/what-is-nad> [Accessed 12 June 2025].  
12. ‌Harvard Health Publishing. (2020). ‘Drip bar: Should you get an IV on demand?’ Available at: <https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/drip-bar-should-you-get-an-iv-on-demand-2018092814899>  [Accessed 12 June 2025].  
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